A cesarean section, also known as a C-section, is a surgical procedure used to deliver a baby. There are accounts of cesarean sections being performed dating back to ancient times in regions all over the world. The term cesarean section was thought to have been named after the surgical birth of Julius Caesar, but modern historians now doubt the accuracy of that story. Prior to the 19th century, cesarean sections were only done in an attempt to save the baby when its mother had died in childbirth or was near death. As medical technology has advanced, c-sections have become common procedures that are relatively safe for both the mother and child, though a cesarean section is a major abdominal surgery that does carry some risks. As of 2009, 34% of babies born in the United States were delivered via cesarean section.
Cesarean sections can be classified as either planned or emergency. A c-section may be planned when a woman is found to have a pelvis that is not shaped correctly, or is too small to allow for a safe vaginal delivery. A c-section may also be planned if the baby is not in the proper head down position, or if the mother has had a previous cesarean section. An emergency c-section is performed if the mother fails to progress after many hours of active labor, the baby gets stuck in the birth canal, or if the baby is in distress.
When a cesarean section is performed, an I.V. line is inserted in order to give the mother fluids and medications. The abdomen is thoroughly cleaned and disinfected prior to surgery. C-sections are almost always done under regional anesthesia, usually a spinal block or a spinal epidural, so the mother is awake during the procedure. In extreme emergencies general anesthesia may be used. After the anesthesia takes effect, a catheter is inserted to collect urine. The surgery begins with the doctor making a horizontal incision just above the pubic bone. After the abdomen is opened, another horizontal incision is made at the bottom of the uterus and the baby and placenta are removed. The doctor then closes the incisions with internal stitches, as well as external stitches or staples. The mother may feel pressure or tugging and pulling during a c-section, but she should not feel pain.
Recovery from a cesarean section is usually longer and more painful than recovery from a vaginal birth. The mother typically spends three days in the hospital following a c-section, and may receive narcotics to control the pain. Full recovery from a c-section typically takes at least six to eight weeks. During this period the mother should avoid exercise and overexerting herself.
What is a Cesarean Section?